CT 283 - Energia dai rifiuti

00343018

CEN/TS 15406:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of bridging properties

This Technical Specification describes a method of determining bridging properties of solid recovered fuels by the use of standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all
particulate recovered fuels that either have been reduced in size (such as most wood fuels or cut straw) or which are physically in a particulate form (such as pellets, olive stones, nut shells, grain etc). Bridging is not an absolute value and therefore conditions for the determination of bridging tendency have to be standardised in order to gain comparative measuring results

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00343022

CEN/TS 15408:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and bromine (Br) content

This standard describes the determination of S, Cl , F and Br in solid recovered fuels of various origin and
composition after combustion in oxygen atmosphere. S and Cl can be alternatively determined by direct
automatic analysis. Other methods could also be used provided that it is demonstrated that they give the
same results.
This method is applicable for concentrations over 0,025 g/kg, depending on the element and on the
determination technique.
Insoluble halides and sulphate present in the original sample or produced during the combustion step are not
completely determined by these methods.
This Technical Specification provides recommendations concerning standardised methods for determination
of halides and sulphate in the solution obtained after combustion.

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00343026

CEN/TS 15412:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of metallic aluminium

This Technical Specification specifies two different methods for the determination of metallic aluminium in solid recovered fuels:
method a) dissolution of metallic aluminium and analysis by inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS)
method b) Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) on the solid SRF .

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00343027

CEN/TS 15413:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the preparation of the test sample from the laboratory sample

This Technical Specification is applicable for the preparation of representative test portions from the laboratory
sample that has been taken according to the sampling plan, prior to physical and/or chemical analysis (e.g.
extractions, digestion and/or analytical determinations) of solid samples.
This Technical Specification is intended to find the correct sequence of operations and treatments to be
applied to the laboratory sample in order to obtain suitable test portions in compliance with the specific
requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures.

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00343028

CEN/TS 15442:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Methods for sampling

This technical specification describes methods for taking samples of solid recovered fuels for example from production plants, from deliveries or from stock. It includes manual and mechanical methods.
It is not applicable to solid recovered fuels that are formed by liquid or sludge, but it includes dewatered ludge.

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00343031

CEN/TS 15414-2:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method - Part 2: Determination of total moisture by a simplified method

This document specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for routine production control on site, e. g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.

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00343032

CEN/TS 15414-3:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method - Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample

This document specifies a method for the determination of moisture in an analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for general analysis samples in accordance with prCEN/TS (WI 00343029). It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.

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00343033

CEN/TS 15415:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Determination of particle size distribution by screen method

This document specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels by a machine or manual sieving method. This document applies to particulate agglomerated and unagglomerated fuels, such as fluff, pellets, briquettes, pulverised solid recovered fuels.

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00343003

CEN/TS 15359:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Fuel specifications and Classes

This Technical Specification prescribes a classification system for SRF and a template for the specifications of SRF properties. Solid recovered fuels are defined in the mandate for this standardisation work as ôfuels prepared from non-hazardous waste to be utilised for energy recovery in waste incineration or co-incineration plants regulated under Community environmental legislationö.
Solid biofuels excluded from the Waste Incineration Directive (2000/76/EC) are out of the scope. These are dealt with in the scope of CEN/TC335 û Solid Biofuels.
Hazardous waste is out of the scope. Hazardous waste is defined in Directive on hazardous waste (91/689/EEC) and its amendments, and are elucidated and exemplified in the waste list (Commission decision 2000/532 and its amendment, in particular 2001/118/EC).

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00343020

CEN/TS 15407:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of carbon (C ), hydrogen (H) and Nitrogen (N) content

This European Standard describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid recovered fuels by Instrumental Techniques.
This method is applicable for concentrations on dry matter basis of C over 0,1%, N over 0.01% and H over 0.1%.

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00343001

CEN/TS 15357:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Terminology, definitions and description

This Technical Specification defines terms concerned in all standardisation work within the scope of CEN/TC
343, i.e. terms used in the field of production and trade of solid recovered fuels that are prepared from non-hazardous
waste.
NOTE Solid biofuels are covered by the scope of CEN/TC 335.

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00343002

CEN/TS 15358:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Quality management systems - Particular requirements for their application to the production of solid recovered fuels

This Technical Specification defines requirements for the quality management system for the production of
solid recovered fuels from the reception of waste(s) up to the delivery of solid recovered fuels

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00343024

CEN/TS 15410:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of the content of major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Si, Ti)

This European Standard specifies three methods of digestion for solid recovered fuels:
a) microwave assisted digestion with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture;
b) hot water bath digestion of with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture, after ashing of the SRFs
sample;
c) oven digestion with nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acid mixture.
Instrumental determination of Si, Al, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, and Ti is performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma
Spectrometry with optical detection or other suitable spectroscopic techniques such as Flame Atomic
Spectroscopy.
The effectiveness of the digestion can be verified by qualitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis on the
remaining residue. If necessary an alternative digestion method (among those proposed) shall be used.
XRF can be used for the analysis of Si, Al, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, Ti, after ashing (550°C) of the sample: other
elements can be analysed by XRF providing that the concentration levels are above the instrumental detection
limits of the XRF instrumentation and after proper preliminary testing.
Method a) is recommended for general use, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high
concentration of organic matter. Method b) is recommended for SRFs with high organic matter concentration
that can be difficult to digest with the other methods.
Method c) is recommended for SRFs samples for which the other methods leave a significant insoluble
residue.
All the listed methods are suitable for the determination of Si, provided that closed containers are used for
sample dissolution. XRF is highly recommended for Si, P and Ti analysis.

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00343011

CEN/TS 15402:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of the content of volatile matter

This document specifies the requirements and method used for the determination of volatile matter of solid recovered fuels.

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00343012

CEN/TS 15403:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of ash content

This document specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fuels.

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00343013

CEN/TS 15404:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of ash melting behaviour by using characteristic temperatures

This document specifies a method for the determination of ash melting behaviour of all solid recovered fuels. It
is primarily intended for use by laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid recovered fuels but
is also applicable by authorities and inspection organisations.

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00343016

CEN/TS 15405:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of the density of pellets and briquettes

This Part 1 standard describes the method for determining the particle density of irregularly shaped pieces of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. Particle density is not an absolute value and conditions for its determination have to be standardised to enable comparative determinations to be made.

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00343030

CEN/TS 15414-1:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method - Part 1: Determination of total moisture by reference method

This document specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.

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00343009

CEN/TS 15401:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of bulk density

This Technical Specification describes a method of determining bulk density of solid recovered fuels by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with a nominal top size of maximum 100 mm

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00343036

CEN/TS 15590:2007

Solid recovered fuels - Determination of potential rate of microbial self heating using the real dynamic respiration index

This European Technical Specification specifies a method to determine the current rate of aerobic microbial activity of a solid recovered fuel itself. The methods estimate indirectly the potentiality of microbial self-heating, odours production, vectors attraction etc. The current rate of biodegradation can be expressed as mg O2 kg TS-1 h-1.

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00343025

CEN/TS 15411:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of the content of trace elements (As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, TI, V and Zn)

This European Standard specifies three methods of digestion for solid recovered fuels:
a) microwave assisted digestion with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture;
b) hot water bath digestion of with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture, after ashing of the SRFs
sample;
c) oven digestion with nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acid mixture.
Instrumental determination of As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn is performed by
Inductively Coupled Plasma with optical or mass detection or graphite furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry. Hg can be analysed only after the microwave assisted procedure or, alternatively, by a direct
analysis method.
The effectiveness of the digestion can be verified by qualitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis on the
remaining residue. If necessary an alternative digestion method (among those proposed) shall be used.
Method a) is recommended for general use, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high
concentration of organic matter.
Method b) is recommended for SRFs with high organic matter concentration that can be difficult to digest with
the other methods. This method is not suitable for mercury.
Method c) is recommended for SRFs samples for which the other methods leave a significant insoluble
residue.

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00343029

CEN/TS 15443:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Methods for laboratory sample preparation

This Technical Specification describes methods for reducing combined samples to laboratory samples and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples, and is applicable to solid recovered fuels that are either:
⎯fine and regularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 10 mm that can be sampled using a scoop or pipe, for example: soft and hard pellets;
⎯coarse or irregularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 200 mm that can be sampled using a shovel, for example: fluff, chips and chunks;
⎯large pieces with nominal top size above 200 mm;
The methods described in this Technical Specification may be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for bulk density, biomass determination, durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, and impurities.
The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.

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00343008

CEN/TS 15400:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of calorific value

This document specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of a solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.

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00343005

CEN/TS 15440:2006

Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of biomass content

This Technical Specification specifies the procedure for estimation of the biodegradable/biogenic fractions.
The methods estimate both the biodegradable and the biogenic content by determination of the biomass content. The prEN/TR 14980 Solid recovered fuels. Report on relative difference between biodegradable and biogenic fraction of solid recovered fuels shows that both biogenic and biodegradable fractions can be estimated in this way. The fraction of biomass (biodegradable/biogenic fractions) can be expressed:
⎯by weight;
⎯by energy content (lower or higher heating value);
⎯by carbon content.
Hard coal, coke, brown coal, lignite and peat are outside the scope. Any such material present may with this method wrongly be reported as biomass. These materials do not belong to solid recovered fuels. In case of a fuel that is a mixture between solid fossil fuels and solid recovered fuels the biomass content shall be determined before they are mixed.
Charcoal is out of the scope of this Technical Specification.
Because it interferes with the determination , this TS is not applicable to SRFs that contain a combination of more than 5 % by weight of:
•nylon, polyurethane or other polymers containing molecular amino groups, because it interferes with the results;
•biodegradable plastics of fossil origin.
Because it interferes with the determination , this TS is not applicable to SRFs that contain a combination of more than 5 % by weight of:
•wool or viscose;
•non-biodegradable plastics of biogenic origin;
•oil or fat, because it interferes with the results.

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00343039

CEN/TS 15747:2008

Solid recovered fuels - 14C-based methods for the determination of the biomass content

The Technical Specification will give 14C-based methods for the determination of the fraction of biomass carbon in solid recovered fuels, using detection by scintillation, gas ionization and mass spectrometry.

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00343038

CEN/TS 15639:2007

Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of mechanical durability of pellets

This document specifies test methods for the determination of mechanical durability of pellets. It is intended for appliance by persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to such pellets, and that are involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising pellets.

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